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Following its inquiry into the constitutional implications of Covid-19, the Constitution Committee has published its third of three reports on this subject: COVID-19 and the use and scrutiny of emergency powers.

• Report: COVID-19 and the use and scrutiny of emergency powers (HTML)
• Report: COVID-19 and the use and scrutiny of emergency powers (PDF)
• Inquiry: Constitutional implications of COVID-19
• Constitution Committee

Inquiry Background

The Constitution Committee’s inquiry into the constitutional implications of COVID-19 explored the impact of the pandemic, and the Government’s response to it, in relation to the operation of the courts, Parliament and the use of emergency powers.

The Report

• The report finds that the range of new laws introduced to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic have not been subject to adequate parliamentary scrutiny, with Government guidance and ministerial statements often failing to set out the law clearly, misstating the law or laying claim to legal requirements that did not exist.
• The Committee highlights that legal changes introduced in response to the pandemic were often set out in guidance, or announced in media conferences, before Parliament had an opportunity to scrutinise them. On a number of occasions, the law was misrepresented in these public-facing forums. This created a lack of clarity around which rules were legally enforceable, posing challenges for the police and local government, leading to wrongful criminal charges, and potentially undermining public compliance.  

Key recommendations

• There should be a presumption in favour of using sunset provisions in all regulations introduced during a national emergency. 
• The Government should seek Parliament’s approval of all affirmative instruments before they enter into force wherever possible.  
• All future ministerial statements and Government guidance on changes to COVID-19 restrictions should clearly distinguish information about the law from public health advice. 
• A review of the use of emergency powers by the Government, and the scrutiny of those powers by Parliament, should be completed in time to inform the forthcoming public inquiry and planning for any future emergencies. 
• The approach adopted in response to the pandemic must not be used to justify weakened parliamentary scrutiny of Government action in response to future emergencies. 

Baroness Taylor of Bolton, Chair of the Constitution Committee, yesterday said:

“Since March 2020 the Government has introduced a large volume of new legislation, much of it transforming everyday life and introducing unprecedented restrictions on ordinary activities. Yet parliamentary oversight of these significant policy decisions has been extremely limited.  

“The vast majority of new laws, including the most significant and wide-reaching, have come into effect as secondary legislation and without prior approval from Parliament. When scrutiny is limited through the fast-tracking of legislation, or the extensive use of secondary legislation, essential checks on executive power are lost, and the quality of the law suffers. 

“We acknowledge that there have been a number of occasions throughout the COVID-19 pandemic where legislative measures have been urgently required to limit the spread of infection. That does not, however, justify the publication of significant measures hours—and in some case minutes—before taking effect. Emergency legislation is never an acceptable alternative to effective government planning for periods of crisis. 

“Government guidance and public statements have —on multiple occasions— undermined legal certainty by laying claim to legal requirements that do not exist. The Government does not have, and must not assume, authority to mandate public behaviour other than as required by law.” 

Further information

• About Parliament: Select committees
• Visit Parliament: Watch committees